Android Layout

Android layout is widely used in the android application development.Android Preferences permits to save data for our application and stores as key values. The preference definition can also be done through an XML resource. The “PreferenceActivity” class extends the class Activity and it permits the simple handling of preferences. The above activity helps to load a preferences definition resource through the method addPreferencesFromResource(). Normally the PreferenceActivity is started from another activity through Intent.

Eg: – SharedPreferences preferences = PreferenceManager.getDefaultSharedPreferences(this); Values access through the key of the preference setting.

Eg: –

String username = preferences.getString("username", "n/a");

We can create or change preferences by calling the edit() method. We call commit() after all the changes.

Eg: –

Editor edit = preferences.edit();
edit.putString("username", "new_value_for_user");
edit.commit();

We can create Android XML resource “preferences.xml” of type “PreferenceScreen”.

Open the file through right-mouse click and Open-with → Android XML Resource Editor. Press Add, add a “PreferenceCategory” and add two preferences “EditTextPreferences” to this category: “User” and “Password”.

We can also enter values for other properties of EditTextField, e.g. the inputMethod. Add the following attribute to the XML definition of your password field to make the input quoted with *.

Eg: –

 android:inputType="textPassword"

Create the class MyPreferencesActivity which extends PreferenceActivity. This Activity will load the “preference.xml” file and will allow the user to change the values.

Eg: –

package com.android.socialapp;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.preference.PreferenceActivity;
public class MyPreferencesActivity extends PreferenceActivity {
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
addPreferencesFromResource(R.xml.preferences);
}
}

For the use of new preference activity and the preference values we adjust the “OverviewActivity”. The first button will display the current values of the preferences through a Toast and the second button will revert the maintained user name to demonstrate how you could change the preferences through code.

Android Activity

Eg: –

package com.android.socialapp;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.content.SharedPreferences;
import android.content.SharedPreferences.Editor;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.preference.PreferenceManager;
import android.view.Menu;
import android.view.MenuInflater;
import android.view.MenuItem;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.View.OnClickListener;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.Toast;
public class OverviewActivity extends Activity {
SharedPreferences preferences;
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.main);
Button button = (Button) findViewById(R.id.Button01);
// Initialize preferences
preferences = PreferenceManager.getDefaultSharedPreferences(this);
button.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(View v) {
String username = preferences.getString("username", "n/a");
String password = preferences.getString("password", "n/a");
showPrefs(username, password);
} });
Button buttonChangePreferences = (Button) findViewById(R.id.Button02);
buttonChangePreferences.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(View v) {
updatePreferenceValue();
}   });    }
private void showPrefs(String username, String password) {
Toast.makeText(OverviewActivity.this,"Input: " + username + " and password: "+ password, Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}
private void updatePreferenceValue() {
Editor edit = preferences.edit();
String username = preferences.getString("username", "n/a");
// we will just revert the current user name and save again
StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer();
for (int i = username.length() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
buffer.append(username.charAt(i));
}
edit.putString("username", buffer.toString());
edit.commit();
// A toast is a view containing a quick little message for the
// user. We give a little feedback
Toast.makeText(OverviewActivity.this,
"Reverted string sequence of user name.",
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}

To open the new preference Activity we will use the onOptionsItemSelected() method. To show the current values of the preferences we define a button and use the class PreferenceManager to get the sharedPreferences.

READ Android Installation

Eg: –

@Override
public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
MenuInflater inflater = getMenuInflater();
inflater.inflate(R.menu.mainmenu, menu);
return true;
}
// this method is called once the menu is selected.
@Override
public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
switch (item.getItemId()) {
// we have only one menu option
case R.id.preferences:
// Launch Preference activity
Intent i = new Intent(OverviewActivity.this, MyPreferencesActivity.class);
startActivity(i);
// some feedback to the user
Toast.makeText(OverviewActivity.this, "Enter your user credentials.",
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
break;
}
return true;}

Run our application the saved values should be displayed in small message windows (Toast) if you press your first button. If you press the second button the username should be reversed.

Run Android Application

Layout Manager

Layout manger is a subclass of ViewGroup. Android allows different layout managers. They are

LinearLayout
FrameLayout
RelativeLayout
GridLayout

Layouts permits to define attributes. AbsoluteLayoutLayout is deprecated and TableLayout can be implemented more effectively via GridLayout.

LinearLayout

The LinearLayout place all its child elements into a single column or row depends on the attribute as android:rrientation. Horizontal and vertical values are the attribute values and horizontal is the default value.

Horizontal Linear Layout

Horizontal Layout

FrameLayout or AbsoluteLayout

The Frame Layout is sort of a null layout specification and it allocate space on the screen for a single View to be drawn, and the View is always located at the upper left of the space. There is no way to place a different location for the View, and there can be only one View in the Layout. If more than one View is specify in the layout file, they are just drawn on top of each other, all pinned to the upper-left corner.

Absolute Layout

RelativeLayout

It permits to position the widget relative to each other and also permits for complex layouts.

READ New Android Interview Questions and Answers for beginners

Eg: – If we want to center a simple component, we just add one component to the RelativeLayout and set the android:layout_centerInParent attribute to true.

Relative Layout

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical" >
<ProgressBar
android:id="@+id/progressBar1"
style="?android:attr/progressBarStyleLarge"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_centerInParent="true"
/>
</RelativeLayout>

GridLayout

This layout permits to organize a view into a Grid and it separate its drawing are into rows, columns and cells. The default gridLayout is one column, one row and the position of a View depends on the order of the declaration of the Views.

Grid Layout

ScrollView

It consists of one view that might be too big to fit on one screen and it displays the scroll bar to scroll the context.

Eg: –

Create an android project “com.android.scrollview” with the activity “ScrollView”. Create the following layout and class.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<ScrollView xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:fillViewport="true"
android:orientation="vertical" >
<LinearLayout
android:id="@+id/LinearLayout01"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:orientation="vertical" >
<TextView
android:id="@+id/TextView01"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:paddingLeft="8dip"
android:paddingRight="8dip"
android:paddingTop="8dip"
android:text="This is a header"
android:textAppearance="?android:attr/textAppearanceLarge" >
</TextView>
<TextView
android:id="@+id/TextView02"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:layout_weight="1.0"
android:text="@+id/TextView02" >
</TextView>
<LinearLayout
android:id="@+id/LinearLayout02"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" >
<Button
android:id="@+id/Button01"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1.0"
android:text="Submit" >
</Button>
<Button
android:id="@+id/Button02"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1.0"
android:text="Cancel" >
</Button>
</LinearLayout>
</LinearLayout>
</ScrollView>

package com.android.scrollview;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.TextView;
public class ScrollView extends Activity {
/** Called when the activity is first created. */
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.main);
TextView view =      (TextView) findViewById(R.id.TextView02);
String s="";
for (int i=0; i < 100; i++) {
s += "com ";
}
view.setText(s);
}    }

The attribute “android:fillViewport=”true”” ensures that the scrollview is set to the full screen even if the elements are smaller.